[Part of Constituting America’s 90 Day Study - Days that Shaped America]
The
election of Ronald Reagan on November 4, 1980 was one of the two most important
elections of the 20th Century.
It was a revolution in every way.
In
1932, Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) decisively defeated one term incumbent Herbert
Hoover by 472-59 Electoral votes. His
election ushered in the era of aggressive liberalism, expanding the size of
government, and establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Roosevelt’s inner circle, his “brain trust”, were
dedicated leftists, several of whom conferred with Lenin and Stalin on policy
issues prior to 1932.
In
1980, Ronald Reagan decisively defeated one term incumbent Jimmy Carter by
489-49 Electoral votes. His election ended
the liberal era, shrunk the size of government, and rebuilt America’s military,
diplomatic, economic, and intelligence capabilities. America reestablished its leadership in the
world, ending the Soviet Empire, and the Soviet Union itself.
Reagan
was a key leader in creating and promoting the conservative movement, whose
policy and political operatives populated and guided his administration. He was a true “thought leader” who defined
American conservatism in the late 20th Century. Through his writings, speeches, and radio
program, Reagan laid the groundwork, and shaped the mandate, for one of the
most impactful Presidencies in American history.
The
road from Roosevelt’s “New Deal” to Reagan’s Revolution began in 1940.
FDR,
at the height of his popularity, choose to run for an unprecedented third
term. Roosevelt steered ever more
leftward, selecting Henry Wallace as his running mate. Wallace would run as a socialist under the
Progressive Party banner in 1948. Republican
Wendell Willkie was the first private sector businessman to become a major
party’s nominee. Willkie had mounted
numerous legal challenges to Roosevelt’s regulatory overreach. While losing,
Willkie’s legacy inspired a generation of economists and activists to unite
against big government.
As the
allied victory in World War II became inevitable, the Willkie activists, along
with leading conservative economists from across the globe, established policy
organizations (“think tanks”) and publications to formulate and communicate an
alternative to Roosevelt’s New Deal.
Human
Events, the premiere conservative newspaper began publishing in 1944. The
Foundation for Economic Education was founded in 1946.
In
1947, conservative “free market”, anti-regulatory economists met at the Mont
Pelerin resort at the base of Mont Perelin near Montreaux, Switzerland. The
greatest conservative minds of the 20th Century, including Friedrich
Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, and Milton Friedman, organized the “Mont Perelin
Society” to counter the globalist economic policies arising from the Bretton
Woods Conference. The Bretton Woods
economists had met at the Hotel Washington, at the base of Mount Washington in
New Hampshire, to launch the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
Conservative
writer and thinker, William F. Buckley Jr. founded National Review on November
19, 1955. His publication, more than
any other, would serve to define, refine and consolidate the modern
Conservative Movement.
The
most fundamental change was realigning conservatism with the international
fight against the Soviet Union, which was leading global Communist expansion. Up
until this period, American conservatives tended to be isolationist. National Review’s array of columnists
developed “Fusionism”, which provided the intellectual justification of
conservatives being for limited government at home while aggressively fighting
Communism abroad. In 1958, the American
Security Council was formed to focus the efforts of conservative national
security experts on confronting the Soviets.
Conservative
Fusionism was politically launched by Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) during the
Republican Party Platform meetings for their 1960 National Convention. Conservative forces prevailed. This laid the
groundwork for Goldwater to run and win the Republican Party Presidential
nomination in 1964.
The policy
victories of Goldwater and Buckley inspired the formation of the Young
Americans for Freedom, the major conservative youth movement. Meeting at Buckley’s home in Sharon, Connecticut
on September 11, 1960, the YAF manifesto became the Fusionist Canon. The
conservative movement added additional policy centers, such as the Hudson
Institute, founded on July 20, 1961.
Goldwater’s
campaign was a historic departure from traditional Republican politics. His plain-spoken assertion of limited
government and aggressive action against the Soviets inspired many, but scared many
more. Kennedy’s assassination had catapulted
Vice President Lyndon Johnson into the Presidency. LBJ had a vision of an even larger Federal
Government, designed to mold urban minorities into perpetually being beholding
to Democrat politicians. Goldwater’s alternative
vision was trounced on election day, but the seeds for Reagan’s Conservative
Revolution were sown.
Reagan
was unique in American politics. He was
a pioneer in radio broadcasting and television.
His movie career made him famous and wealthy. His tenure as President of the Screen Actors
Guild thrust him into the headlines as Hollywood confronted domestic communism.
Reagan’s
pivot to politics began when General Electric hired him to host their popular
television show, General Electric Theater. His contract included touring GE plants to speak
about patriotism, free market economics, and anti-communism. His new life
within corporate American introduced him to a circle of conservative
businessmen who would become known as his “Kitchen Cabinet”.
The Goldwater campaign
reached out to Reagan to speak on behalf of their candidate on a television
special during the last week of the campaign.
On October 27, 1964, Reagan drew upon his GE speeches to deliver “A Time
for Choosing”. His inspiring address became
a political classic, which included lines that would become the core of “Reaganism”:
“The Founding Fathers knew a
government can't control the economy without controlling people. And they knew
when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to
achieve its purpose. So, we have come to a time for choosing ... You and I
are told we must choose between a left or right, but I suggest there is no such
thing as a left or right. There is only an up or down. Up to man's age-old
dream—the maximum of individual freedom consistent with order—or down to the
ant heap of totalitarianism.”
The Washington Post
declared Reagan’s “Time for Choosing”: "the
most successful national political debut since William Jennings Bryan
electrified the 1896 Democratic convention with his Cross of Gold speech." It immediately established Reagan as the heir to Goldwater’s
movement.
The
promise of Reagan fulfilling the Fusionist vision of Goldwater, Buckley, and a
growing conservative movement inspired the formation of additional groups, such
as the American Conservative Union in December 1964.
In
1966, Reagan trounced two-term Democrat incumbent Pat Brown to become Governor
of California, winning by 57.5 percent.
Reagan’s two terms became the epicenter of successful conservative
domestic policy attracting top policy and political operatives who would serve
him throughout his Presidency.
Retiring after two
terms, Reagan devoted fulltime to being the voice, brain, and face of the
Conservative Movement. This included a
radio show that was followed by over 30 million listeners.
In 1976. the
ineffectual moderate Republicanism of President Gerald Ford led Reagan to mount
a challenge. Reagan came close to the
unprecedented unseating of his Party’s incumbent. His concession speech on the last night of
the Republican National Convention became another political classic. It launched his successful march to the White
House.
Reagan’s 1980 campaign
was now aided by a more organized, broad, and capable Conservative Movement. Reagan’s
“California Reaganites” were linked to Washington, DC-based “Fusionists”, and conservative
grassroots activists who were embedded in Republican Party units across
America. The Heritage Foundation had become a major conservative policy center
on February 16, 1973. A new hub for
conservative activists, The Conservative Caucus, came into existence in 1974.
Starting
in 1978, Reagan’s inner circle, including his “Kitchen Cabinet”, worked seamlessly
with this vast network of conservative groups: The Heritage Foundation,
Kingston, Stanton, Library Court, Chesapeake Society, Monday Club, Conservative
Caucus, American Legislative Exchange Council, Committee for the Survival of a
Free Congress, the Eagle Forum, and many others. They formed a
unified and potent political movement that overwhelmed Republican moderates to
win the nomination and then buried Jimmy Carter and the Democrat Party in
November 1980.
After
his landslide victory, which also swept in the first Republican Senate majority
since 1956, Reaganites and Fusionists placed key operatives into Reagan’s
transition. They identified over 17,000 positions that affected
Executive Branch operations. A separate team identified the key
positions in each cabinet department and major agency that had to be under
Reagan’s control in the first weeks of his presidency.
On
January 21, 1981, Reagan’s personnel team immediately removed every Carter
political appointee. These Democrat functionaries were walked out
the door, identification badge taken, files sealed, and their security
clearance terminated. The Carter era’s impotent foreign policy and
intrusive domestic policy ended completely and instantaneously.
Reagan
went onto to lead one of the most successful Presidencies in American history.
His vision of a “shining city on the hill” continues to inspire people around
the world to seek better lives through freedom, open societies, and economic
liberty.
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